Thermococcus gammatolerans
| Thermococcus gammatolerans | |
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| Thermococcus gammatolerans | |
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| Species: | T. gammatolerans
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| Thermococcus gammatolerans Jolivet, 2003
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Thermococcus gammatolerans is a gram-negative archaeon[1] extremophile and the most radiation-resistant organism known to exist.
As reported in 2003 the type strain EJ3T was taken from a submarine hydrothermal vent in the Guaymas Basin off the coast of Baja California at a depth of about 2,600 m by submersible Nautile during the 1991 Guaynaut cruise. Thermococcus gammatolerans thrives in temperatures between 55 and 95 °C with an optimum development around 88 °C.
Its optimal growth pH is 6, favoring the presence of sulfur (S), which is reduced to hydrogen sulfide (H
2S). It is the organism with the strongest known resistance to radiation, supporting a radiation of gamma rays from 30,000 gray (Gy).[2]
Along with the genera Palaeococcus and Pyrococcus, Thermococcus belongs to the Thermococcaceae family, sole family of the Thermococci (called "Protoarchaea" by Cavalier-Smith), a class in the phylum Euryarchaeota of Archaea.[3] Thermococcus species live in extremely hot environments such as hydrothermal vents with a growth optimum temperature above 80 °C. Thermococcus and Pyrococcus (literally "ball of fire") are both chemoorganotrophic anaerobic required. Thermococcus spp. prefer 70–95 °C, whereas Pyrococcus species prefer 70–100 °C.
The resistance to ionizing radiation of T. gammatolerans is enormous. While a dose of 5 Gy is sufficient to kill a human, and a dose of 60 Gy is able to kill all cells in a colony of E. coli, Thermococcus gammatolerans can withstand doses up to 30,000 Gy, and an instantaneous dose up to 5,000 Gy with no loss of viability.
History
[edit]Thermococcus gammatolerans was discovered in 2003 in samples collected from a hydrothermal chimney at the Guaymas Basin about 2,000 m deep off the coast of California, (27° 1' N, 111° 24' W).
Mechanisms of resistance to radiation
[edit]Unlike other organisms, cell survival in T. gammatolerans is not altered by changing conditions in its growth phase, but the lack of ideal conditions and nutrients decreases its radioresistance. The system of chromosomal DNA repair shows that cells in stationary phase of growth reconstitute DNA more rapidly than cells in exponential growth phase. T. gammatolerans can slowly or quickly rebuild damaged chromosomes without loss of viability.[4]
Applications
[edit]A study has been conducted of its application to the development of new enzymatic markers that are resistant to high temperatures and their application in the study of carcinogenesis and the study of the development of mitochondrial diseases. DNA repair mechanisms of T. gammatolerans could be incorporated into the genome of more complex species to improve DNA repair and reduce cellular aging.
Etymology
[edit]Thermococcus: Greek feminine noun thermê (θέρμη),[5] heat; Neo-Latin masculine noun coccus (from Greek masculine noun kokkos (κόκκος),[6] berry), coccus; new Latin masculine noun Thermococcus, coccus existing in hot environment.[7] gammatolerans: Gr. gamma (γάμμα),[8] referring to gamma rays; Latin participle adjective tolerans, tolerating; Neo-Latin participle adjective gammatolerans, referring to its ability to tolerate high levels of γ-rays.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ Podstawka, Adam. "Thermococcus gammatolerans EJ3 | Type strain | DSM 15229, JCM 11827 | BacDiveID:16885". bacdive.dsmz.de. doi:10.13145/bacdive16885.20240510.9. Retrieved 2024-08-31.
- ^ Jolivet, E; L'Haridon, S; Corre, E; Forterre, P; Prieur, D (2003). "Thermococcus gammatolerans sp. nov., a hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent that resists ionizing radiation". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53 (Pt 3): 847–51. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02503-0. PMID 12807211.
- ^ Classification of phyla in LPSN; Parte, Aidan C.; Sardà Carbasse, Joaquim; Meier-Kolthoff, Jan P.; Reimer, Lorenz C.; Göker, Markus (1 November 2020). "List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (11): 5607–5612. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004332.
- ^ Tapias, Angels; Leplat, Christophe; Confalonieri, Fabrice (March 2009). "Recovery of ionizing-radiation damage after high doses of gamma ray in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus gammatolerans". Extremophiles. 13 (2): 333–343. doi:10.1007/s00792-008-0221-3. PMID 19137239. S2CID 5671089.
- ^ θέρμη. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
- ^ κόκκος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
- ^ a b Thermococcus in LPSN; Parte, Aidan C.; Sardà Carbasse, Joaquim; Meier-Kolthoff, Jan P.; Reimer, Lorenz C.; Göker, Markus (1 November 2020). "List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (11): 5607–5612. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004332.
- ^ γάμμα. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
Further reading
[edit]- Arnaud, Lagorce; Aude, Fourc ̧ans; Murielle, Dutertre; Brice, Bouyssiere; Yvan, Zivanovic; Fabrice, Confalonieri (27 July 2012). "Genome-Wide Transcriptional Response of the Archaeon Thermococcus gammatolerans to Cadmium". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): Article No.: e41935. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...741935L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041935. PMC 3407056. PMID 22848664. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
- Tapias, Angels; Leplat, Christophe; Confalonieri, Fabrice (March 2009). "Recovery of ionizing-radiation damage after high doses of gamma ray in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus gammatolerans". Extremophiles. 13 (2): 333–343. doi:10.1007/s00792-008-0221-3. PMID 19137239. S2CID 5671089.